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Isodendrion laurifolium

A.Gray (1852)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Violaceae Genus: Isodendrion

aupaka

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Few–branched, virgate shrubs 10–20(–30) dm tall.

Stems: Branches ascending, leafy for 10–30 cm below apex, glabrous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblong–elliptic, narrowly elliptic oblanceolate, or rarely elliptic, 4–16 cm long, 1.5–5 cm wide. Apex obtuse to rounded. Base broadly cuneate to rounded., gradually tapering toward base. Blades subcoriaceous. Margins usually undulate, remotely serrate, serrulate, or serrulate–crenulate, margins minutely ciliolate to glabrous. Veins conspicuously reticulate, raised on both surfaces, sometimes only slightly so on upper surface, glabrous. Petioles 0.1–0.5 cm long, glabrous. Stipules slightly asymmetrical, linear–deltate to narrowly deltate, 2–4 mm long, midrib raised, glabrous, becoming pale and dry and membranous toward margins.

Flowers: Flowers solitary; peduncles 1–2 mm long, glabrous. Flowers fragrant, bisexual (perfect), axillary, on short pedicels; pedicels 1–2 mm long, glabrous, bracts 1.2–1.5 mm long. Calyx of 5 sepals, narrowly deltate, 2–3.5 mm long, becoming membranous toward margins, glabrous or minutely ciliolate. Corolla of 5 petals, purple with greenish white margins externally, dusty purple on the inner face of the lobe, claw becoming greenish purple, upper petals ca. 6.5–7.5 mm long, the lobes ca. 2 mm long, lateral petals ca. 7–7.5 mm long, the lobes 2.2–2.4(–3.3) m long, lower petal ca. 7–8(–13) mm long, the lobe 1.5–2(–5) mm long. Stamens 5, subequal; filaments ca. 0.8–1.7 mm long; anthers ca. 0.8–1.1 mm long, connective prolonged into an apiculate appendage; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled, placentation parietal; ovules anatropous; style 1, filiform, sigmoid, apex enlarged and excavated.

Fruit: Capsules green; lanceoloid; 9–10 mm long; deeply 3–lobed; tipped with the persistent style. Seeds pale yellow; obovoid; 2–2.5 mm long; ca. 1.6–1.8 mm in diameter; with fleshy; oily endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 16*

Habitat: Diverse mesic forest; often on rocky slopes or cliffs.

Elevation Range: 550–610 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • 550-610 m
  • Description digitized by Ellena Ruiz
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii

Bibliography

Name Published In: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 2: 324 (1852)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1329 (K, O)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Acacia-Metrosideros montane mesic forest, Alphitonia ponderosa, Pouteria sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Claoxylum sandwicensis, Pipturus argutus, Hedyotis knudsenii, Charpentiera elliptica, Coprosma foliosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Urera glabra, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Isodendrion laurifolium ca 20m above gulch bottom Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 1-3m tall, slender stems, few branched, monoecious, with flower and immature fruit, ca 50 plants Wood, K.R. 9065 Kauai BISH 2001-08-15
2 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
3 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dark dryland slope forest of Diospyros ferrea var. sandwicensis, Ceodes, Planchonella, etc. My quadrat #7. Preserved_Specimen 9 ft. tree, first branch 3 ft. from ground. Open crown. Flrs. greenish purple. Hatheway, W.H. 398 Oahu BISH 1950-10-04
4 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Associated with Diospyros; Planchonella; Hibiscus; Hedyotis; Pelea; Myoporum; scattered down one ridge only Preserved_Specimen 4-6 ft height; fruits & flowers Perlman, S. 5481 Oahu BISH 1987-03-24
5 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Occurring under a canopy of Metrosideros and Diospyros mixed with Schinus and Dodonaea Preserved_Specimen Ht average 1 m with the tallest being 2.5 m; petals dull purple; corolla tube creamish yellow with purple medial line on outside of each petal; sepals greenish yellow with purplish medial line on outside; pistil creamish. Obata, J.K. 86636 Oahu BISH 1986-06-01
6 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dark; dryland slope forest of Diospyros ferrea var sandwicensis; Ceodes; Planchonella; etc.; My quadrat #7 Preserved_Specimen 9 ft tree; first branch 3 ft from ground; open crown; flowers greenish purple; stem 3/4 in diam at base Hatheway, W.H. 398 Oahu BISH 1950-10-04
7 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shaded N facing talus slope at cliff-base; associated with Pisonia; Diospyros; Dracaena; Euphorbia; Pittosporum; Pelea Preserved_Specimen Shrub; 0.3 m high; flowers purplish Gagné, W.C. 544 Kauai BISH 1970-08-22
8 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dry forest of Diospyros ferrea & Eugenia rariflora Preserved_Specimen Bush 3m by 15mm; lvs above dark green sublucid; below light green sublucid; petals greenish but central strip without colored Bordeaux; bark light brown St.John, H. 24828 Oahu BISH 1952-06-11
9 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dark dryland slope forest of Diospyros ferrea var. sandwicensis, Ceodes, Planchonella, etc. My quadrat #7. Preserved_Specimen 9 ft. tree, first branch 3 ft. from ground. Open crown. Flrs. greenish purple. Hatheway, W.H. 398 Oahu BISH 1950-10-04
10 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Associated with Koa; Rauwolfia; Ohia; Ferns Preserved_Specimen 2-5 ft ht Perlman, S. 4920 Oahu BISH 1986-08-03
11 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On steep slope at base of cliff Preserved_Specimen Single plant 2 m tall Wagner, W.L. 5080 Kauai BISH 1983-08-31
12 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details mixed native/alien slope, Metrosideros polymorpha, Schinus terrebinthifolius, Acacia koa, Planchonella sandwicensis, Psychotria marianiana, Panicum nephelophilum Preserved_Specimen flowers striped purple and green. No scent approximately 50 individuals, flower/fruit sporadically throughhout the year, ask collector for locations Ching-Harbin, S. 2022070702 Oahu BISH 2022-07-07
13 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Nestigis sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psidium cattleianum, Acacia koa, Melicope sandwicense Preserved_Specimen flowering infrequently in dark mesic forest, open understory small population of 5 individuals, fenced but declining, possible BTB and drought, ask collector for locations. Ching-Harbin, S. 2022070703 Oahu BISH 2022-07-07
14 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed mesic forest on gulch slope; associated with Diospyros; Nestegis; Hibiscus; Metrosideros; Antidesma; Alyxia; Rauvolfia; Schinus; etc Preserved_Specimen Fruit & flowers collected from separate plants of a population of upright shrubs 0.5-2 m tall Lau, J. 2373 Oahu BISH 1986-05-11
15 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 176 Kauai BISH 1970-01-31
16 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Middle slope understory Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 213 Kauai BISH 1971-04-07
17 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cultivated specimen grown from wild-collected seed; source uncertain but possibly Pahole in Waianae Range, as original material was collected by Talbert Takahama, DLNR/DOFAW. Single-stemmed upright shrub with woody base, ca 0.5 m tall. Leaf blades +/- undulate, stiff, thinly coriaceous, upper surface green underside paler. Venation and venation texture not quite a match for Isodendrion laurifolium. Flowers horizontal to drooping. Corolla entirely greenish yellow, no purple. Sepals green with purple tips. Plant dusted with sulfur powder. Portner, T. Oahu BISH 2012-02-29
18 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1817 Kauai BISH 1983-08-22
19 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 727 Kauai BISH 1916-11-01
20 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details mixed native/alien slope, Metrosideros polymorpha, Schinus terrebinthifolius, Acacia koa, Preserved_Specimen unusual for Oahu populations to have purely green flowers. No scent not fenced, degraded habitat, this population is extirpated now, ask collector for locations. Ching-Harbin, S. 2022070701 Oahu BISH 2022-07-07
21 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dark dryland slope forest of Diospyros ferrea var. sandwicensis, Ceodes, Planchonella, etc. My quadrat #7. Preserved_Specimen 9 ft. tree, first branch 3 ft. from ground. Open crown. Flrs. greenish purple. Hatheway, W.H. 398 Oahu BISH 1950-10-04
22 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 40+ plants noted. Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1992-06-28
23 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2828 Kauai BISH 1895-09-10
24 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub Herbst, D.R. 2817 Kauai BISH 1972-10-07
25 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Oahu BISH
26 Isodendrion laurifolium Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details on steeply sloped south side of valley; in native dryland forest.; about a dozen plants seen. Assoc with Kokia, Osmanthus, Metrosideros, Planchonella, alyxia. Preserved_Specimen small, sparingly branched shrub, to 3' tall; flowers yellowish-green. Herbst, D.R. 2849 Kauai BISH 1972-12-13
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